.TriGemInaL.

.TriGemInaL.


V1 Ophthalmic

• Exits with eye muscle group.
• Sensory to forhead, and nasal cavity.

V2 Maxillary

• Exits through wall of maxillary sinus.
• Sensory to cheek, upper lip, teeth, and nasal cavity.

V3 Mandibular

• Exits mental foramen.
• Motor to jaw muscles.
• Sensory to chin, and tongue.

.UpPer LimB.

Upper Limb
-Ventral somatic outgrowth of outer tube.

• No viscera - all innervation is somatic from ventral ramus of spinal nerve (except autonomics to blood vessels.)

Includes;

-*Bones

-*Joints

-*Muscle

-*Nerves

-*Vascular Supply

• Dermatomes extend over limbs
• Twisted orientation reflects twisting of limb during development.
• Named nerves generally innervate skin over muscles that they innervate.

Sensory Territory of Nerves - Brachial plevus serves to redirect spinal routes into named nerves covering certain.

1. Axiallary Nerve territory.

2. Musculocutaneous nerve.

3. Radial Nerve.

4. Medial Cutaneous nerve of Arm.

5. Medial Cutaneous nerve of Forearm.

6. Median Nerve.

7. Ulnar Nerve.

Upper Limb Includes:

-*Scapula -*Humerous

-*Radius/Ulna -*Carpals; Proximal, distal

-* Digits; metacrapals, phalanges

Joints of Upper Limb:

Vascular Supply:

The upper limb is well vasculated. It includes many arteries including subclavian, axillary, radial (same artery, different names through arm). It also includes collateral circulation. Posterior/Anterior circumflex humeral and deep brachial artery; the radial artery (with the median nerve) and superficial palmer arch.

Muscles:

Anterior;

-Biceps -Brachialis

-Forearm flexors -Thumb intrinsics

-Flexor carpi ulnaris -Hand intrinsics

Posterior;

-Tripceps

-Anconeus

-Brachioradialis

-Carpal, digit extensors

.PerIpHeraL NerVouS SysTeM.

The nervous system is divided into the
peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the
central nervous system (CNS)
The PNS consists of
sensory neurons running from stimulus receptors that inform the CNS of the stimuli
motor neurons running from the CNS to the muscles and glands - called effectors - that take action.
The CNS consists of the
spinal cord and the brain
The peripheral nervous system is subdivided into the
sensory-somatic nervous system and the
autonomic nervous system

The Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system or PNS, is part of the nervous system and consists of the nerves and neurons that reside or extend outside the central nervous system. Unlike the central nervous system, the PNS is not protected, leaving it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries. A peripheral nerve may be made up of cells carrying information from the brain to the body (motor messages) or carrying information from the body to the brain (sensory messages). The spinal nerves carry both sensory and motor messages and are called "mixed nerves." Among the cranial nerves are five pairs of motor nerves, three pairs of sensory nerves, and four pairs of mixed nerves.The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

Naming the specific nerves
The 10 out of the 12 cranial nerves evolve from the brainstem, and mainly control the functions of the anatomic structures of the head with some exceptions. Spinal nerves take their origins from the spinal cord. They control the functions of the rest of the body. In humans, there are 30 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral; 31 pairs if you count the 1 coccygeal. The naming convention for spinal nerves is to name it after the vertebra immediately above it. So, the fourth thoracic nerve originates just below the fourth thoracic vertebra. This convention breaks down in the cervical spine. The first spinal nerve originates above the first cervical vertebra and is called C1. This continues down to the last cervical spinal nerve, C8. There are only 7 cervical vertebrae and 8 cervical spinal nerves.


Cervical spinal nerves (C1-C4)
The first 4 cervical spinal nerves, C1 through C4, split and recombine to produce a variety of nerves that subserve the neck and back of head. Spinal nerve C1 is called the suboccipital nerve which provides motor innervation to muscles at the base of the skull. C2 and C3 form many of the nerves of the neck, providing both sensory and motor control. These include the greater occipital nerve which provides sensation to the back of the head, the lesser occipital nerve which provides sensation to the area behind the ears, the greater auricular nerve and the lesser auricular nerve.

Brachial plexus (C5-T1)
The last 4 cervical spinal nerves, C5 through C8, and the first thoracic spinal nerve, T1,combine to form the brachial plexus, or plexus brachialis, a tangled array of nerves, splitting, combining and recombining, to form the nerves that subserve the arm and upper back. Although the brachial plexus may appear tangled, it is highly organized and predictable, with little variation between people. See brachial plexus injuries.
Before forming three cords
The first nerve off the brachial plexus, or plexus brachialis, is the dorsal scapular nerve, arising from C5 nerve root, and innervating the rhomboids and the levator scapulae muscles. The long thoracic nerve arises from C5, C6 and C7 to innervate the serratus anterior. The brachial plexus first forms three trunks, the superior trunk, composed of the C5 and C6 nerve roots, the middle trunk, made of the C7 nerve root, and the inferior trunk, made of the C8 and T1 nerve roots. The suprascapular nerve is an early branch of the superior trunk. It innervates the suprascapular and infrascapular muscles, part of the rotator cuff. See rotator cuff for rotator cuff injuries The trunks reshuffle as they traverse towards the arm into cords. There are three of them. The lateral cord is made up of fibers from the anterior and middle trunk. The posterior cord is made up of fibers from all three trunks. The medial cord is composed of fibers solely from the medial trunk.

Lateral cord
The lateral cord gives rise to the following nerves:
The lateral pectoral nerve, C5, C6 and C7 to the pectoralis major muscle, or musculus pectoralis major.
The musculocutaneous nerve which innervates the biceps muscle
The median nerve, partly. The other part comes from the medial cord.

Posterior cord
The posterior cord gives rise to the following nerves:
The upper subscapular nerve, C7 and C8, to the subscapularis muscle, or musculus supca of the rotator cuff.
The lower subscapular nerve, C5 and C6, to the teres major muscle, or the musculus teres major, also of the rotator cuff.
The thoracodorsal nerve, C6, C7 and C8, to the latissimus dorsi muscle, or musculus latissimus dorsi.
The axillary nerve, which supplies sensation to the shoulder and motor to the deltoid muscle or musculus deltoideus, and the teres minor muscle, or musculus teres minor.
The radial nerve, or nervus radialis, which innervates the triceps brachii muscle, the brachioradialis muscle, or musculus brachioradialis,, the extensor muscles of the fingers and wrist (extensor carpi radialis muscle), and the extensor and abductor muscles of the thumb.

Medial cord
The medial cord gives rise to the following nerves:

The median pectoral nerve, C8 and T1, to the pectoralis muscle

The medial brachial cutaneous nerve, T1

The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, C8 and T1

The median nerve, partly. The other part comes from the lateral cord. C7, C8 and T1 nerve roots. The first branch of the median nerve is to the pronator teres muscle, then the flexor carpi radialis, the palmaris longus and the flexor digitorum superficialis. The median nerve provides sensation to the anterior palm, the anterior thumb, index finger and middle finger. It is the nerve compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome.
The ulnar nerve originates in nerve roots C7, C8 and T1. It provides sensation to the ring and pinky fingers. It innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, the flexor digitorum profundus muscle to the ring and pinky fingers, and the intrinsic muscles of the hand (the interosseous muscle, the lumbrical muscles and the flexor pollicus brevis muscle). This nerve traverses a groove on the elbow called the cubital tunnel, also known as the funny bone. Striking the nerve at this point produces an unpleasant sensation in the ring and little fingers.

Other thoracic spinal nerves (T3-T12)
The remainder of the thoracic spinal nerves, T3 through T12, do little recombining. They form the intercostal nerves, so named because the run between the ribs. For points of reference, the 7th intercostal nerve terminates at the lower end of the sternum, also known as the xyphoid process. The 10th intercostal nerve terminates at the umbilicus, aka the belly button.

.EpiTheliaL AnD ConNectIve TisSue.

Epithelial Tissue

Simple Squamous
Description- Single layer of very thin and irregular shaped cells.
Function- Transport.
Location- Lungs (air sacs).

Stratified Squamous
Description- Several layers of closely packed cells.
Function- Protection.
Location- Skin, and Mucus membrane.

Simple Columnar
Description- Single layer of rectangular shaped cells. Higher than they are wide.
Function- Absorption.
Location- Stomach, Intestines, Respiratory and Reproductive tracts.

Transitional
Description- Many layers of differently shaped cells that vary in size.
Function- Stretch then recoil and has the ability to resist stress.
Location- Bladder, and areas subjected to strength.

Pseudo stratified
Description- Appears to be two layers but is only one.
Function- Protection.
Location- Respiratory tract, and the wind pipe.

Simple Cuboidal
Description- Single layer of cube shaped cells.
Function- Secretion, and absorption.
Location- Glands, and Kidney tubules.



Connective Tissue

Areolar Connective Tissue
Description- Delicate webs of fibers and a variety of cells embedded in a loose matrix of soft, sticky gel.
Function- "Glue" that gives form to the internal organs.
Location- Widely distributed between tissues and Internal organs.

Adipose Tissue (Fat Tissue)
Description- Numerous spaces have formed in the tissues so that large quantities of fat can accumulate inside cells.
Function- Stores lipids and protection, insulation and energy storage.
Location- Found throughout the body.

Fibrous Connective Tissue (Dense Connective Tissue)
Description- Consists mainly of bundles of strong, white collagen fibers arranged in parallel rows. Function- Connects. Composes tendons, and provides great strength and flexibility but doesn't’t stretch.
Location- Tendons and muscles.

Bone
Description- Hard and calcifies. Forms building blocks called osteon. Circular arrangments of calcified matrix.
Function- Support and protection for the body. Storage area for calcium.
Location- Skeleton

Cartilage
Description- Firm-plastic gel-like matrix.
Function- Support and shock absorption.
Location- Nose, ears, ends of bones, windpipe, ribs, and spine.

Blood
Description- Liquid (plasma) matrix.
Function- Transportation and protection.
Location- Blood vessels.

(All of this work was my own, I wrote the descriptions and other information and I got the pictures from my senior year when I took A&P from my teacher. So I don't have any referencess.)

.OrGanIzaTiOn Of The HuMan BodY.

Organization of the Human Body Overview
-Anatomy and physiology defined
-Levels of structural organization
-Principal systems of the body
-Necessary life functions
-The language of anatomy
Anatomy and Physiology
-Anatomy
-The study of structure and relationships among structures
-Physiology
-The study of the functions of the body
-How the body parts work
Levels of Organization
-Chemical
-Cell
-Tissue
-Organ
-System
-Organism
Principal Systems of the Body
-Integumentary
-Skeletal
-Muscular
-Nervous
-Endocrine
-Cardiovascular
-Lymphatic & Immune
-Respiratory
-Digestive
-Urinary
-Reproductive
Necessary Life Functions
-Maintaining Boundaries
-Movement
-Responsiveness
-Digestion
-Metabolism
-Excretion
-Reproduction
-Growth
The Language of Anatomy
-Anatomical Position
-Directional Terms
-Body Planes
-Body Cavities

Fetal Development
When sperm is deposited in the vagina, it travels through the cervix and into the Fallopian tubes. Conception usually takes place in the Fallopian tube. A single sperm penetrates the mother's egg cell, and the resulting cell is called a zygote.
The zygote contains all of the genetic information (DNA) necessary to become a child. Half of the genetic information comes from the mother’s egg, and half from the father’s sperm.
The zygote spends the next few days traveling down the Fallopian tube and divides to form a ball of cells. Further cell division creates an inner group of cells with an outer shell. This stage is called a "blastocyst". The inner group of cells will become the embryo, while the outer group of cells will become the membranes that nourish and protect it.
The blastocyst reaches the uterus at roughly the fifth day, and implants into the uterine wall on about day six. At this point in the mother's menstrual cycle, the endometrium (lining of the uterus) has grown and is ready to support a fetus. The blastocyst adheres tightly to the endometrium, where it receives nourishment via the mother's bloodstream.
The cells of the embryo now multiply and begin to take on specific functions. This process is called differentiation, which produces the varied cell types that make up a human being (such as blood cells, kidney cells, and nerve cells).
There is rapid growth, and the baby's main external features begin to take form. It is during this critical period of differentiation (most of the first trimester) that the growing baby is most susceptible to damage from:
-Alcohol, certain prescription and recreational drugs, and other substances that cause birth defects
-Infection (such as rubella or cytomegalovirus)
-Radiation from x-rays or radiation therapy
-Nutritional deficiencies
The following list describes specific changes by week.
Week 3
-beginning development of the brain, spinal cord, and heart
beginning development of the gastrointestinal tract
Weeks 4 to 5
-formation of tissue that develops into the vertebra and some other bones
-further development of the heart which now beats at a regular rhythm
-movement of rudimentary blood through the main vessels
-beginning of the structures of the eye and ears
-the brain develops into five areas and some cranial nerves are visible
-arm and leg buds are visible
Week 6
-beginning of formation of the lungs
-further development of the brain
-arms and legs have lengthened with foot and hand areas distinguishable
-hands and feet have digits, but may still be webbed
Week 7
-nipples and hair follicles form
-elbows and toes visible
-all essential organs have at least begun to form
Week 8
-rotation of intestines
-facial features continue to develop
-the eyelids are more developed
-the external features of the ear begin to take their final shape
The end of the eighth week marks the end of the "embryonic period" and the beginning of the "fetal period".
Weeks 9 to 12
-the fetus reaches a length of 3.2 inches
-the head comprises nearly half of the fetus' size
-the face is well formed
-eyelids close and will not reopen until about the 28th week
-tooth buds appear for the baby teeth
-limbs are long and thin
-the fetus can make a fist with its fingers
-genitals appear well differentiated
-red blood cells are produced in the liver
Weeks 13 to 16
-the fetus reaches a length of about 6 inches
-a fine hair develops on the head called lanugo
-fetal skin is almost transparent
-more muscle tissue and bones have developed, and the bones become harder
-the fetus makes active movements
-sucking motions are made with the mouth
-meconium is made in the intestinal tract
-the liver and pancreas produce their appropriate fluid secretions
Week 20
-the fetus reaches a length of 8 inches
-lanugo hair covers entire body
-eyebrows and lashes appear
-nails appear on fingers and toes
-the fetus is more active with increased muscle development
-"quickening" usually occurs (the mother can feel the fetus moving)
-fetal heartbeat can be heard with a stethoscope
Week 24
-the fetus reaches a length of 11.2 inches
-the fetus weighs about 1 lb. 10 oz.
-eyebrows and eyelashes are well formed
-all the eye components are developed
-the fetus has a hand and startle reflex
-footprints and fingerprints forming
-alveoli (air sacs) forming in lungs
Weeks 25 to 28
-the fetus reaches a length of 15 inches
-the fetus weighs about 2 lbs. 11 oz.
-rapid brain development
-nervous system developed enough to control some body functions
-eyelids open and close
-respiratory system, while immature, has developed to the point where gas exchange is possible
-a baby born at this time may survive, but the possibilities for complications and death remain high
Weeks 29 to 32
-the fetus reaches a length of about 15-17 inches
-the fetus weighs about 4 lbs. 6 oz.
-rapid increase in the amount of body fat
-rhythmic breathing movements occur, but lungs are not fully mature
-bones are fully developed, but still soft and pliable
-fetus begins storing iron, calcium, and phosphorus
Week 36
-the fetus reaches a length of about 16-19 inches
-the fetus weighs about 5 lbs. 12 oz. to 6 lbs. 12 oz.
-lanugo begins to disappear
-increase in body fat
-fingernails reach the end of the fingertips
-a baby born at 36 weeks has a high chance of survival, but may require some medical interventions
Weeks 37 to 40
-considered full-term at 37 weeks
-may be 18 to 21 inches in length
-lanugo is gone except for on the upper arms and shoulders
-fingernails extend beyond fingertips
-head hair is now coarse and more thick

.Tarin'S IntrO InfO.

Tarin Sullivan
Fall River Ma. - Oct. 1st, 1987
I LovE Queen.
I am taking this course because it is a requirement for the Massage Therapy Program.
I have two sisters, one older and one younger.

Digital Number Score: 8/10